Chemical Hygiene Plan

Preparation, Review and Updates

This University-level Chemical Hygiene Plan has been developed by the Chemical Safety Subcommittee of the University Environmental Health and Safety Committee and approved by the University Administration. It is the responsibility of each department's (or organizational unit's) chemical-hygiene officer to coordinate preparation of unit-specific chemical-hygiene plans consistent with the University Chemical Hygiene Plan. Assistance in creating the plans will be provided by the Department of Environmental Health and Safety.

The University chemical-hygiene officer is responsible for ensuring that the Chemical Hygiene Plan meets the current requirements of 29 CFR 1910.1450, and that it is flexible enough to meet any OSHA-mandated updates or revisions that are recommended as a result of periodic inspections and an annual plan review. The Department of Environmental Health and Safety will provide input to the Chemical Hygiene Plan through periodic and annual reviews.

Laboratory supervisors must ensure that those individuals covered by the Chemical Hygiene Plan are aware of its existence and importance, and that those individuals are trained regarding the nature of specific potential hazards in that laboratory and their personal role in eliminating or minimizing such hazards from the workplace.

Identification, Classification, and Standard Operating Procedures for Hazardous Chemicals

The Laboratory Standard defines a hazardous chemical as any element, chemical compound, or mixture of same that is a physical or health hazard.

Chemicals that are classified as physical hazards include organic peroxides and oxidizers and chemicals that may be combustible, flammable, explosive, unstable (reactive), pyrophoric- or water-reactive.

Health-hazard chemicals are those materials for which there is statistically significant evidence, based on at least one study conducted in accordance with established scientific principles, that acute or chronic health effects may occur in exposed employees. This term encompasses a variety of health effects including acutely toxic materials, carcinogens, irritants, reproductive agents, corrosives, and those chemicals that act on specific body organs such as the liver, kidneys, nervous, and blood and reproductive systems.

It should be possible to handle any chemical safely, especially in a controlled laboratory environment. General guidance for handling hazardous materials follows immediately below, while specific guidance for a variety of chemical hazards follows next. The University of Pittsburgh (and departmental) Safety Manuals are good sources of further information. You may also refer to the Process Hazard Checklists in Appendix C.

• Know the potential hazards associated with materials and procedures you are using.
• Obtain and review Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) before using chemicals. For a complete discussion of MSDS refer to Appendix D.
• Be prepared for emergencies and know what action to take. Ensure that necessary supplies and equipment are available for handling small spills.
• Know the location and proper use of locally available safety equipment such as emergency showers, eyewash stations, fire extinguishers, and fire alarms. Know appropriate emergency telephone numbers. In the event of skin or eye contact with chemicals, immediately flush the area of contact with cool water for 15 minutes. Remove affected clothing. Get medical help immediately.
• Do not work alone in the laboratory if you are working with chemicals.
• Purchase minimum amounts of hazardous materials necessary to accomplish work and dispense only amounts necessary for immediate use.
• Use hazardous materials only as directed and for their intended purpose.
• Never smell or taste any chemical as a means of identification.
• Avoid direct contact with any chemical; use protective equipment to avoid exposure. Specific protection recommendations are available in the MSDS.
• Smoking, drinking, eating, the storage of foodstuffs, and the application of cosmetics are forbidden in areas where chemicals are in use.
• Do not remove labels from original containers; replace if necessary.
• Label and date all secondary containers with a chemical description and, if possible, any associated hazard.
• Ensure ventilation is adequate for the materials you are using. Where possible, handle all materials in a chemical-fume hood.
• Electrically ground and bond containers using approved methods before transferring or dispensing a flammable liquid from a large container.
• Store chemicals in compatible categories (see Appendix E, also see Section C.4.).
• Handle and store laboratory glassware in a manner to avoid damage. Inspect all laboratory glassware prior to use. DO NOT USE damaged, cracked, or badly scratched glassware.
• Use extra care with Dewar flasks or other evacuated glass apparatus; shield or wrap them to contain chemicals or fragments, should implosion occur.
• Use laboratory equipment only for its intended purpose.
• Never use mouth suction for pipetting or to start a siphon.
• Avoid practical jokes or other behavior that might confuse, startle, or distract other individuals.
• Wash hands immediately after working with chemicals.
• Only trained personnel are permitted in non-teaching laboratories. Visitors who have not received chemical-hygiene training (including those from other areas of the University) must be escorted in laboratory areas.
• Never wear contact lenses in the laboratory, even under protective eyewear.
• Proper lab attire and personal protective equipment should be worn. Sandals and open shoes should be avoided.

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Toxic Materials

Toxic materials are defined as acute toxins or chronic toxins.

Acutely toxic materials are generally characterized by prompt (or slightly delayed) health effects, such as burns, allergic reactions, respiratory irritation, and immediate damage to organs such as the skin and eyes. Acutely or highly toxic materials are often defined as follows:

• Any chemical whose properties are unknown should be treated as though it is acutely toxic.
• Those materials defined as poisons due to possessing one (or more) of the following toxiciological parameters:
  
  • oral LD50 of 50 mg/Kg or less
  • dermal LD50 of 200 mg/Kg or less
  • inhalation LC50 2 mg/L or 200 PPM or less

To minimize exposures, it is necessary to determine the route(s) by which such exposures may occur and take the appropriate preventive measures.

The effects of exposures to chronically toxic materials occur over a longer period of time and are characterized by cumulative damage to organs or organ systems. (For the purpose of this discussion, carcinogenic and reproductive hazards are not included. See section B.2.) Chemicals that are defined here as chronic toxins include hepatotoxins (e.g., carbon tetrachloride, vinyl chloride), nephrotoxins (e.g., ethylene glycol), neurotoxins (e.g., acrylamide), agents that act on the hematopoietic system (e.g., benzene), and others affecting specific organs.

Precautions

• Know the hazards of the materials you are using. Review material safety data sheets and gather additional information.
• Use and store these substances only in designated (or restricted) areas, preferably under a negative pressure with respect to the rest of the building, and in the smallest amounts possible. Placard with appropriate warning signs, as necessary.
• Store and transport such chemicals in secondary containment trays; use them in a hood, glove box, or other containment device.
• Be prepared for hazardous material emergencies, know what action(s) to take, and ensure that necessary supplies and equipment are available for handling small spills.
• Avoid skin contact by use of gloves, long sleeves and other protective apparel as appropriate.
• Thoroughly decontaminate or dispose of contaminated clothing or shoes. Contaminated washes and materials from experiments should be decontaminated chemically and stored in closed, suitable, labeled, impervious containers.
• Observe any additional general safety procedures for hazardous materials.
• Protect vacuum pumps against contamination by using scrubbers or suitable filters and vent into a local exhaust hood. Decontaminate vacuum pumps, glassware, or other equipment before removing it from the designated (or restricted) area.
• Wet mop or HEPA-vacuum (High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter) to decontaminate surfaces; do not dry sweep.
• If using toxicologically-significant quantities (amount depends on the substance) on a regular basis, contact your department or unit Chemical Hygiene Officer so that, in conjunction with the Department of Environmental Health and Safety, a determination on required medical surveillance can be made.

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Carcinogenic and Reproductive Hazards

Chemicals that fall under this category are also classified as chronic hazards. Select carcinogens are substances capable of producing cancer in mammals and are defined as follows:

• regulated by OSHA as a carcinogen
• listed by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) as a carcinogen (or potential carcinogen) in its most recent Annual Report on Carcinogens
• listed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a Group 1, 2A or 2B carcinogen

A list of select carcinogens is found in Appendix F. Update lists are available from the Department of Environmental Health and Safety.

Reproductive toxins are substances that affect either male or female reproductive systems or capabilities and include agents that damage the genetic material (mutagens) or the developing fetus (teratogens). A list of selected reproductive toxins is found in Appendix G.

All of the aforementioned precautions and handling procedures for acutely hazardous materials and chronic hazards should be followed, as applicable, when dealing with carcinogens and reproductive hazards. When chronic hazard materials, including carcinogens and reproductive toxins, are used in animal work, some additional special precautions should be considered:

• For large scale studies, use special facilities with restricted areas.
• When possible, administer the substance to an animal by injection or lavage instead of in the diet.
• Devise procedures that minimize the formation and dispersal of contaminated aerosols, including those from food, urine, and feces.
• Wear required personal protective equipment and dispose of contaminated tissues and wastes appropriately.

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Flammables and Combustibles

Flammable and combustible materials are those chemicals that generate sufficient vapors to cause a fire when an ignition source is present. The minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapor to allow ignition is the flashpoint, a physico-chemical property also used to categorize materials.

Flammable: Materials that can generate sufficient vapors to ignite at temperatures below 100°F (38°C).

Combustible: Materials that can generate sufficient vapors to ignite at temperatures above 100°F (38°C); generally, consideration of combustibles is limited to materials with flashpoints less than 200°F (93°C).

Vapor generation from a liquid is dependent on a material's vapor pressure, a parameter that increases with increasing temperature. The degree of potential fire hazard depends upon having the three necessary elements present: fuel, ignition source, and oxygen. Safe handling procedures are based upon controlling one (or more) of the elements in the fire triangle.

OSHA and National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) guidelines apply to the use of flammable and combustible materials in the laboratory. Information on and interpretations of these guidelines can be obtained from the Department of Environmental Health and Safety.

Precautions

• Eliminate ignition sources such as open flames, sparks from welding or cutting, operation of electrical equipment, static electricity, and hot surfaces from the vicinity of flammable/combustible materials.
• Post no-smoking signs in areas where flammable/combustible materials are used or stored.
• Minimize quantities of flammable/combustible liquids in the laboratory consistent with laboratory needs and fire-code mandates.
• Store these materials in approved flammable liquid containers (safety cans) and storage cabinets, or in a storage room designed for this purpose. Store away from oxidizers; a list of some common strong oxidizers is included in Appendix H.
• Whenever possible all flammable/combustible liquids should be placed in storage cabinets.
• Maximum storage in a fire area (room with approved walls and doors) outside of approved storage cabinets:
  
  • 10 gallons of Class I (e.g. diethyl ether, benzene, acetone, toluene, hexane) and II liquids combined or 25 gallons of Class I and II liquids in safety cans
  • 60 gallons of Class IIIA liquids
• Maximum storage inside storage cabinets. No more than three flammable storage cabinets may be located in a single fire area:
  
  • 120 gallons of Class I, II, and IIIA liquids of which not ore than 60 gallons may be of Class I and II liquids
• Outside of original containers, one liter (about 1 quart) is the volume limit for flammable materials stored in glass containers, unless chemical purity must be protected. In those cases, about 4 liters (one gallon) is permissible.
• All refrigerators or freezers used for storage of flammable/combustible materials must be explosion-proof. Requirements for intrinsically safe design must also be considered.
• When transferring or dispensing these liquids from large containers or drums, ensure that proper bonding and grounding is employed. Test such devices periodically.
• Before using flammable/combustible liquids in a laboratory, ensure that appropriate fire protection equipment is available (i.e., ABC/BC fire extinguishers).
• Label ethers with the date of first use to aid in the identification of possible peroxide-containing ether cans. This is important because ethers are susceptible to air oxidation to form explosive peroxides. Chemical tests for the presence of peroxides are available and should be performed on suspect reagents.

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Corrosives

Corrosive chemicals are those substances that, by direct chemical action, cause visible destruction or irreversible alterations of living tissue or deterioration of metal surfaces. Corrosive liquids and solids are responsible for most such injuries, while corrosive gases are also serious hazards because they can be readily absorbed into the body by skin contact, inhalation, or eye contact.

Some categories of corrosive liquids include inorganic acids (e.g., hydrochloric [muriatic], nitric, sulfuric), organic acids (e.g., acetic, butyric), basic solutions (e.g., ammonia, sodium hydroxide), other inorganics (e.g., bromine, phosphorous trichloride), and other organics (e.g., acetic anhydride, liquified phenol).

Corrosive chemicals are those that fit the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard definition of corrosive or those whose material safety data sheet indicates a corrosivity hazard. Adherence to the following precautions should facilitate their safe handling.

Precautions

• Eye protection and gloves appropriate for the material to be handled should always be worn when handling corrosive materials (refer to Section E. Personal Protective Equipment). Contact lenses should never be worn during work with any chemicals. Depending on the type of operation, quantity of chemicals(s) used, and specific MSDS recommendations, a faceshield and impervious apron/boots may also be appropriate.
• As specified in OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910.151(c), an eyewash and safety shower must be readily accessible to areas where corrosives are used and stored. First aid information from labels and MSDS, especially that related to skin and eye contact, should be made available to all lab personnel in advance of working with corrosives.
• Always add acid to water. Dehydrating agents such as sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, phosphorous pentoxide, and calcium oxide should be mixed with water by adding the agent to water to avoid violent reaction and spattering.
• Strong oxidizing agents such as chromic and perchloric acids should be clearly labeled, stored and used in glass or other inert containers; corks and rubber stoppers should not be used.
• Acids and bases must be stored separately. Organic acids can often be stored with flammables, separate from oxidizers, including oxidizing acids. To transport strong acids and bases from location to location, use safety rubber bottle carriers or non-breakable PVC-coated bottles.

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Compressed Gases

Three different types of gas products—compressed gases, liquified compressed gases, and cryogenic liquified gases—are all generically called compressed gases, and are defined as follows:

• a gas or mixture of gases having, in a container, an absolute pressure exceeding 40 pounds per square inch (psi) at 70°F;
• a gas or mixture of gases having, in a container, an absolute pressure exceeding 104 psi at 130oF, regardless of the pressure at 70°F; or
• a liquid having a vapor pressure exceeding 40 psi at 100°F as determined by American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) D-323-72.

Compressed gases may exhibit a variety of physical and health properties/hazards, including corrosivity, flammability, toxicity, reactivity, and the ability to act as an asphyxiant. An additional safety hazard arises when compressed gases are stored under high pressure.

Cryogens such as liquid nitrogen and liquid helium may condense oxygen from air, thus creating an oxygen rich atmosphere and increasing the potential for fire or explosions. Other hazards include explosive pressure release due to the large expansion ratio from liquid to gas, embrittlement of materials, and skin or eye burns upon contact with the liquid.

The following handling precautions and guidelines must be considered when using compressed gas cylinders:

Precautions

• Familiarize yourself with CGA (Compressed Gas Association) cylinder markings for compatible gases and gas handling equipment.
• Before using cylinders, read all label and MSDS information associated with the gas being used.
• When storing or moving a cylinder, have the cap securely in place to protect the stem. Use suitable racks, straps, chains, or stands to support cylinders during use, transportation, or storage.
• Use a suitable hand truck to move cylinders. Avoid dragging, rolling or sliding them, even for short distances.
• Do not store full and empty cylinders together as serious suck back can occur when an empty cylinder is connected to a pressurized system. To return empty or partially used cylinders, close the valve outlet, leaving some positive pressure in the cylinder. Replace any valve outlet or protective caps, mark or label the cylinder as empty, and store in a designated area for return.
• Treat cylinders of compressed gases as high energy sources and use only in well-ventilated areas. Toxic, flammable and corrosive gases should be handled/stored in a hood or gas cabinet.
• Always use appropriate gauges, fittings, check valves, and materials that are compatible with the particular gas being handled. Never change the compatibility group of a fitting. Never use oil or grease on the high-pressure side of compressed gas fittings. Do not lubricate an oxygen regulator or use a fuel gas regulator on an oxygen cylinder.
• Never use the regulator as a shut-off valve to a cylinder.
• Bond and ground all cylinders, lines, and equipment used with flammable compressed gases.
• Always wear goggles or safety glasses with side shields when handling compressed gases.
• When handling cryogens, always wear safety goggles and a face shield. If a splash or spray hazard exists, personal protective clothing should also include an impervious apron or coat and impervious thermal gloves, cuffless trousers, and high-topped shoes.
• Containers and systems containing cryogens should have pressure-relief mechanisms and be capable of withstanding extreme cold without becoming brittle.

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Peroxide Formers

Chemicals that react with oxygen to make peroxides make materials that can explode with impact, heat, or friction. Peroxide-forming compounds can be divided into three hazard categories based on method of reaction and storage time. A partial list is presented in Appendix I.

• Compounds such as divinyl acetylene and isopropyl ether form peroxides that can spontaneously decompose. Storage time should be limited to three months.
• There are a large number of compounds that can form peroxides, but require the addition of a certain amount of energy to decompose explosively. Examples of these chemicals, which under good conditions should be stored for no more than 12 months, include dicyclopentadiene, diethyl ether, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, and vinyl ethers.
• The third category includes those materials that can form peroxide polymers, a highly reactive form of peroxide that is extremely shock and heat sensitive. Representative compounds include butadiene, chloroprene, methyl methacrylate, vinyl pyridine, tetrafluoroethylene, acrylonitrile, and styrene. Maximum storage time is 12 months.

A variety of simple steps can be taken to ensure that peroxides are handled safely:

Precautions

• Date all peroxide formers upon receipt and upon opening. Ensure that you know whether or not an inhibitor has been added by the manufacturer. Testing for the formation of peroxides can be done with tetra-n-hexylammonium iodide or with EM Quant Test Strips—10011 Peroxide Test (VWR Scientific).
• Do not open any container that has obvious crystal formation around the lid. Do not force open frozen lids.
• Other necessary precautions are similar to those used for flammables/combustibles.

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Reactive Chemicals

Reactive chemicals are substances that may undergo a variety of violent reactions with the spontaneous liberation of heat and/or gases in such a rapid fashion that safe dissipation is not possible. This category includes explosives, oxidizers, reducers, water/acid/air sensitive and unstable chemicals. These substances are capable of producing toxic gases or explosive mixtures, being explosive themselves, reacting with water violently, or they may contain cyanide or sulfide. A partial listing is included in Appendix H.

Reactives are often broadly classified into two major groups: those that may explode and those that do not. However, since the reactivity of individual chemicals in specific chemical classes varies considerably and may be substantially modified by aging or contamination, the following classification based on chemical behavior may be appropriate.

Class I

Chemicals in this class are normally unstable and may readily undergo violent change without a detonator.

Pyrophoric chemicals (e.g., phosphorous, metal powders of magnesium, aluminum and zinc) will undergo spontaneous ignition in contact with air. Store in inert environments and prevent contact with air or water.

Polymerizable chemicals (e.g., divinyl benzene and acrylonitrile) will undergo spontaneous polymerization in contact with air. Such materials should be kept cool and contact with water avoided.

Chemicals classified as oxidizers (e.g., perchloric and chromic acids) will undergo violent reactions when in contact with organic materials or strong reducing agents. Hazards can be minimized by using and storing minimal amounts, emphasizing proper storage away from organic and flammable materials and reducing chemicals.

Class II

Chemicals in this class react violently with water and are those that evolve large amounts of heat when in contact with water or may decompose in moist air. Examples include sulfuric acid, chlorosulfonic acid, acetyl halides, phosphorous tri(pent) oxides, and titanium tetrachloride. Obviously, these chemicals should be kept away from water and handled in laboratory hoods if contact with moist air is problematic. Most of these materials are corrosive, as are their decomposition products, so appropriate personal protective equipment should be worn.

Class III

Chemicals in this class decompose violently in water with evolution of heat and flammable gases that may ignite if exposed to an ignition source. Materials such as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, metal hydrides, and metal nitrides may evolve enough heat to cause auto-ignition. While avoiding contact with water, ensure that ventilation is adequate to disperse any evolved flammable gases. As water may accelerate the fire, dry sand should be used to smother the chemicals.

Class IV

This class of chemicals reacts rapidly with water, generating acutely toxic gases or vapors in a quantity sufficient to present a danger to human health or the environment. Typical chemicals in this class include alkaline metal phosphides and isocyanates. Use these materials with adequate ventilation and prevent contact with water.

Class V

Chemicals such as metal cyanide salts, organic cyanide compounds, metal sulfide salts, and organic sulfides/mercaptans are acid-sensitive and may produce extremely toxic hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen sulfide gases on contact with acids. The same effect may occur with materials that form acids in the presence of moisture or liquid water. Provide adequate ventilation to minimize the severe inhalation hazard of hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen sulfide. Do not store in cabinets with acids, oxidizers, and other reactive chemicals.

Class VI

Some chemicals can detonate or explode if heated above ambient temperature or if exposed to an ignition source such as mechanical shock, spark or flame, or a catalyst that accelerates decomposition. Some examples include sodium amide, metal azides, brominated organic compounds, organic perchlorates, and ammonium nitrate and chlorate. Chemicals in this group often exhibit a wide range of other properties, so always check the MSDS for the specific compound being used. Protect containers from physical damage, heat, and incompatible chemicals.

Class VII

Chemicals such as organic azides, some metal azides, benzoyl peroxide, and peroxidized ethers may detonate or decompose explosively under ambient temperature and pressure, without any external ignition source. Materials in this class should only be handled by experienced and trained individuals, after consulting the MSDS and, if necessary, the Department of Environmental Health and Safety. Chemicals should also be evaluated periodically to determine whether deterioration has occurred.

Class VIII

This class of chemicals consists of explosive materials, all of which should be handled only by experienced and properly equipped personnel, and only when absolutely necessary. The United States Department of Transportation has three major classifications for explosives:

• Forbidden explosives (40 CFR 173.51) include diethylene glycol dinitrate, unstabilized nitroglycerin and unstabilized nitrocellulose; these materials are considered to be too dangerous for transportation.
• Class A explosives (49 CFR 173.53) include TNT, mercury fulminate and diazo-dinitrophenol.
• Class B explosives (49 CFR 173.88) include stabilized nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin.

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Chemical Procurement, Distribution and Storage

Procurement of Chemicals

All chemicals will be procured through the University Purchasing Department in the smallest quantity consistent with the intended use. If chemicals are to be transferred to the University from another individual or institution, prior approval must be obtained from the Department of Environmental Health and Safety. Vendor gifts should only be accepted if they will be used on a reasonable time scale. The receiver of transferred chemicals is responsible for securing appropriate MSDS.

The principal investigator or laboratory supervisor is responsible for a variety of notifications:

• Notify the Department of Environmental Health and Safety of any internal or external transfer of material that is defined as extremely hazardous (see Appendix J).
• Notify the appropriate receiving department or unit(s) if an order is placed for a chemical that requires special handling precautions upon receipt (e.g., cold storage, shock sensitive, etc.)

Radioisotopes registered with the University Radiation Safety Office and biological materials, specimens, and cultures are covered by other programs.

Procurement and Use of Radioisotopes

The Laboratory Supervisor must submit all proposed uses of radioisotopes to the Radiation Safety Committee for approval. The Radiation Safety Office must approve all purchases and transfers of radioactive materials. Contact the Radiation Safety Office at 412-624-2728 for details

Biohazardous Material

The Laboratory Supervisor must submit all proposed uses of biohazardous materials to the Biohazards Committee for approval. Contact the Biosafety Officer 412-624-9505 for details.

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Distribution and Storage

Initial receipt and storage at receiving docks will be performed in accordance with written protocols on receipt, handling, and storage of hazardous materials. Initial distribution will entail precautions such as:

• Transport chemicals in safety carry buckets or on a wheeled cart.
• If no freight elevator is available, chemicals may be transported on a passenger elevator with extreme caution. Generally avoid stairs.
• Transport compressed cylinders using a hand truck specifically designed for that purpose, and use a suitable strap, chain, or other restraint during transportation. Compressed gas cylinders must be restrained with suitable racks, straps, chains, or stands immediately on delivery.
• Transport all chemical containers closed so that no vapors are emitted to the atmosphere.

Before storing any hazardous material, read the label and MSDS for more specific instructions on the storage and handling of individual chemicals, and ensure the container is in good condition. The following is general guidance relative to storing hazardous materials:

• Each laboratory must maintain a current inventory of chemicals.
• Chemicals must only be stored in compatible groups. Only segregated chemicals can be stored alphabetically.
• Incompatible groups of chemicals must not be stored in close proximity to one another.
• Chemicals should not be stored on the floor or on tops of shelving units.
• Chemicals in refrigerators should be stored in containment pans or boxes.
• Shelves impervious to spills with anti-roll lips should be used.
• Chemicals should not be stored above eye level.
• Commonly recognized poisons must be stored in a locked cabinet.

While not uniform, there are a variety of color-coded hazard/storage indicators in use on laboratory reagents. This color coding separates materials into hazard classes such as flammable, reactive, contact, health, and others. Adopting a standard color coding system may assist in the maintenance of an effective compatibility storage system.

Compatibility families include:

• Compatibility Families of Inorganic Chemicals
  • metals, hydrides
  • halides, sulfates, sulfites, thiosulfates, phosphates, halogens
  • amides, nitrates*, nitrites*, azides*, nitric acid
  • hydroxides, oxides, silicates, carbonates
  • sulfides, selenides, phosphides, carbides, nitrides
  • chlorates, perchlorates*, perchloric acid*, hypochlorites, peroxides*, hydrogen peroxide
  • arsenates, cyanides, cyanates
  • borates, chromates, (per) manganates
  • acids (except nitric)
  • sulfur, phosphorous, arsenic, phosphorous pentoxide*

*These chemicals deserve special attention due to their potential instability.

• Compatibility Families of Organic Chemicals
  • acids, anhydrides, peracids
  • alcohols, glycols, amines, amides, imines, imides
  • hydrocarbons, esters, aldehydes
  • ethers*, ketones, ketenes, halogenated hydrocarbons, ethylene oxide
  • epoxy compounds, isocyanates
  • peroxides*, hydroperoxides*, azides*
  • sulfides, nitriles
  • phenols, cresols

  *These chemicals deserve special attention due to their potential instability.

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Elimination or Substitution

A good first step in evaluating a new experiment, process, or operation is to investigate the possibility of eliminating the use of hazardous materials or substituting a less hazardous chemical. For example, one may be able to wash glassware with an aqueous-based detergent instead of an organic solvent or chromic acid-based material. Replace known highly toxic materials (e.g., benzene, n-hexane, chlorinated hydrocarbons) with analogous materials that are less toxic (e.g., xylene, isohexane, n-methyl pyrrolidone).

Also, processes, experiments, and operations can be modified to reduce the quantity of hazardous material used or to limit its release. For example, microscale techniques can be used, and closed vessels can be used in lieu of open vessels.

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Control Measures and Equipment

The preferred method of minimizing employee exposures to hazardous materials is through the use of engineering controls. Principal investigators, laboratory supervisors, and chemical users should maintain a continual awareness of the specific hazards associated with the chemicals being used. Also, once controls are installed, users should follow established procedures so that they obtain the full protection afforded by such controls. Promptly report to Facilities Management any suspected problems or malfunctions with installed engineering controls.

Ventilation and Fume Hoods

Laboratory fume hoods, in their many forms and types, are ubiquitous in chemical laboratories. Serving as a local-exhaust device, their primary function is to protect lab personnel from release of hazardous airborne chemical contaminants. A secondary purpose is to protect people and property against small fires and explosions. In most buildings, general exhaust ventilation is reduced at night and on weekends, so lab workers should determine that adequate ventilation is available.

The primary measure of a hood's efficacy is its face velocity, measured in linear feet per minute (LFPM) through the open sash. There continues to be much debate about the optimal face velocity through a variety of sash openings.

The following are suggested face velocities through a working-level sash height for different types of chemical handling:

• For chemicals or process-reaction products that are considered to be carcinogens, reproductive health hazards, allergens, highly toxic, or specifically regulated by OSHA, and the breathing zone concentration (without a hood) is likely to exceed the recommended exposure limit (TLV®, PEL, etc.): 100-150 LFPM.
• For the chemicals described above, where the recommended exposure limit (without a hood) is not exceeded, or the recommended exposure limit is < 100 PPM based on some other effect: 80-150 LFPM.
• All other materials not in A or B, above: 60-150 LFPM.
• Excessive ventilation rates may create turbulence and draft.
• Each hood should display a current sticker with date of velocity measurement and velocity match arrows.

Laboratory employees should understand and comply with the following principles:

• Once combinations of face velocity and sash height have been established, they are marked on the fume hoods as match arrows. The hoods must be equipped with a manometer or other hood monitor. This monitor should be used daily to check the hood function.
• Chemical-fume hoods are safety backup devices for condensers, traps, and other devices that collect vapors and fumes. Do not use them to dispose of chemicals by evaporation.
• Only apparatus and chemicals essential to the specific procedure or process should be placed in the hood. Do not use hoods for extended chemical storage.
• The work or apparatus inside the hood should be placed at least six inches inside the hood.
• Never remove hood sashes.
• Lab personnel should be aware of the steps to be taken in the event of power failure or other hood failure (e.g., stop work, cover chemicals, close hood, notify supervisor).
• Inspect hoods before use and ensure that the annual Department of Environmental Health and Safety ventilation sticker is current. Inspect hoods periodically, especially after repair or maintenance.
• Drafts adversely affect the functioning of hoods. In most cases lab doors should remain closed to ensure proper hood face velocities.

In addition to chemical-fume hoods, many laboratories have biological-safety cabinets. These cabinets must be periodically certified and the Department of Environmental Health and Safety should be contacted for assistance.

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Enclosures, Isolation, and Regulated Areas

Labs handling chemical materials that present an immediate and substantial risk of illness or injury must be monitored at all times by the Laboratory Supervisor. The potential for employee exposure to hazardous chemicals is greatly reduced by restricting the use of such chemicals to a designated area equipped with the proper control devices. This designated area can be a glove box, fume hood, bench, or an entire laboratory, depending on the manipulations required.

Procedures to be used in the designated area(s) should be documented and understood by lab personnel. The designated area should be identified by warning those entering the area that a particularly hazardous material may be present.

Fire Safety Equipment

Fire protection equipment must meet University standards as follows:

• Flammable liquid storage cabinets and cans should be used for quantities greater than 1 liter (about 1 quart). Do not overload cabinets (see manufacturer's quantity limits) and do not store with incompatible materials such as oxidizers. Flammable liquid storage cabinets must not be modified in any way. Ventilation must be designed by qualified personnel within Facilities Management.
• Do not disable spring-loaded closures and ensure that flame-arrestor screens are in place and in good condition.
• Each laboratory must be equipped with fire extinguishers capable of extinguishing the type of fire that may be generated by the materials used in the lab.
• Fire extinguishers should be inspected at least monthly by laboratory personnel. The Department of Environmental Health and Safety provides annual inspections by a qualified professional. Breakdown and hydrostatic tests will be done as required by code.

Emergency Showers and Eyewash Stations

Eye wash stations and emergency body showers must be provided in work areas where the potential for eye or skin exposure to corrosive materials exists. Specific requirements are listed in American National Standard Institute Standard Z358.1-1990, Standard for Emergency Showers and Eyewash Equipment.

All lab personnel must be trained on how to use this equipment. Facilities Management will periodically (e.g., quarterly), flush and check the functioning of these devices. Lab personnel should ensure that access to eyewash stations and emergency showers is not restricted or blocked. No electrical appliance should be permitted within the spray area of an eyewash/safety station.

Special Alarms and Detection Devices

Any installation of alarms or detection devices designed to alert personnel to the presence of a hazardous condition due to a chemical release must be approved by the Department of Environmental Health and Safety. Any such devices should be tested at least monthly by the principal investigator or supervisor in the laboratory in which they are located.

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Personal-Protective Equipment

Personal-protective equipment may be used to supplement available engineering controls but should not be viewed as a substitute for them. An exception may be for short-term jobs where the implementation of engineering controls is not feasible.

The MSDS for a particular chemical will provide information on the personal-protective equipment recommended for use with the chemical. MSDS tend to address worst-case conditions, so all equipment listed on the MSDS may not be required for a specific job. In addition, MSDS most often do not address specific respirators or glove types that are appropriate for the chemical. Experience, judgment, and possibly assistance from Department of Environmental Health and Safety may be required so that proper personal protective equipment is selected.

For optical protection from personal protective equipment, a variety of precautions must be adhered to:

Precautions

• Select personal-protective equipment according to the greatest degree of hazard expected to be encountered;
• The equipment must provide the kind and degree of protection appropriate for the chemical and the task;
• The limitations of protective equipment must be understood;
• The equipment must fit properly;
• The equipment must be properly maintained;
• Training of those who will use personal protective equipment is mandatory. Lab workers must be instructed in the correct use and limitations of personal-protective equipment. They must know when the equipment is needed and must be able to recognize when it needs to be serviced, cleaned, or replaced.

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Protective Clothing

Skin contact is a potential source of exposure to toxic materials, so any unprotected skin surfaces should be covered. For most lab procedures, a specific type of glove will probably be required, since hands are intimately involved in chemical reagent and glassware handling and apparatus manipulation. Even when there is minimal danger of skin contact, good hygiene practice dictates the use of lab coats, coveralls, aprons, or protective suits.

Protective gloves and garments are not equally effective for every hazardous chemical. Eventually, chemicals may penetrate, permeate, or degrade the protective clothing. Therefore, it is very important to select garments for the particular chemicals being handled and to periodically assess their condition. A list of glove materials and the corresponding physical performance and chemical resistance of approved equipment is included in Appendix K.

Eye and Face Protection

Laboratory eye and face protection generally includes safety glasses with sideshields, chemical-splash goggles and face shields. All safety glasses must meet the requirements of the Practices for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection—ANSI Z-87.1. Safety glasses that meet these requirements will be identified with "Z 87" marked on the temple bar of the glasses. Goggles and faceshields will have a similar marking located somewhere on the device. Faceshields are always worn over primary protection such as glasses or goggles, as they are not designed to withstand impact.

Eye and face protection is required whenever there is the potential for flying particles or splash of a hazardous chemical or infectious material. This rule applies not only to persons who work continuously in the labs, but also to persons who may be in the area temporarily, such as maintenance, custodial, or administrative personnel. Therefore, all persons, including visitors, who enter a laboratory where hazardous chemicals are being use or stored outside cabinets or when other eye hazards exist, must wear safety glasses with sideshields as minimum protection. This rule applies to both teaching and research labs.

The level of eye protection required is based upon the chemicals physical state, the quantities involved, the activity in the lab, and the toxicity or corrosivity of the chemical(s) used. For most situations, safety glasses with sideshields should be adequate, however additional protective devices must be worn consistent with the hazards posed by either the chemicals or operations involved. Some examples where greater protection may be needed include:

• potential splash of a hazardous chemical: indirect vented splash goggle
• handling quantities of cryogenic liquids: safety glasses and faceshield
• potential splash of highly corrosive or poisonous chemicals, such as during transfer: indirect-vented splash goggle and faceshield
• when handling highly reactive chemicals: indirect-vented splash goggle and faceshield
• operating a pressurized or high vacuum reaction outside a lab hood or with hood sashes open: indirect-vented splash goggle and faceshield

Safety glasses must be sized to fit properly and to maximize eye protection. Before each use, eye and face protection must be inspected for damage. If deficiencies are identified, the equipment should be cleaned, repaired, or replaced before working in the lab.

Contact lenses may now be worn in laboratories if required to correct vision. This is a change from the previous University safety policy. However, contact lenses and ordinary (street) prescription glasses are not a substitute for wearing safety eyewear, as they do not provide adequate protection. ANSI-approved eye protection must be worn over contact lenses or prescription glasses when working in a laboratory where these hazards exist. PIs, instructors, and supervisors may choose to enforce more stringent eye protection requirements if deemed necessary for lab-worker protection. These specific eye-protection requirements should be written into laboratory protocols as necessary.

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Respiratory Protection

Respiratory protective equipment may be necessary when ventilation is not adequate, or a procedure cannot be performed in a laboratory fume hood. Any such operation must be performed in an isolated area away from other occupants. There is a variety of respiratory equipment available, but no one device provides protection against all possible hazards. Types available include:

• particulate-removing, air-purifying respirators
• gas- and vapor-removing, air-purifying respirators
• atmosphere-supplying respirators

Selection of a respirator from these three categories is based on the chemical and process hazard, as well as the protection required. Respirators are not to be used except in conjunction with a comprehensive respiratory-protection program, and any proposed use or installation of respirators must be referred to the Department of Environmental Health and Safety. The guidelines for a respirator program can be found in OSHA's General Industry Standards (29 CFR 1910.134) or the latest version of ANSI's Respiratory Protection Practices, Z88-2 and Z88-5. In any case, only those respirators approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) should be used.

Some of the elements in a comprehensive respiratory-protection program include: appropriate selection, training on use and care, fit testing, medical surveillance, maintenance, and recordkeeping. Additional and more stringent requirements are applicable to respiratory protection equipment kept on hand for emergency use.

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Exposure Assessment and Medical Surveillance

The OSHA Lab Standard requires that if an overexposure is suspected, an exposure assessment must be performed. If this assessment indicates that an employee could have been exposed to a hazardous chemical in a manner that may have caused harm, a medical consultation (and possibly a subsequent examination) must be made available at no cost to the employee. The Department of Environmental Health and Safety must be immediately notified by the Laboratory Supervisor or Chemical Hygiene Officer of any instance where overexposure is suspected. The Department of Environmental Health and Safety will refer employees to the Occupational Medicine Clinic for evaluation of chemical exposures.

Environmental Monitoring and Surveillance

Exposure assessments are performed by the Department of Environmental Health and Safety to determine if there was an exposure that might have caused harm and to identify the chemical(s) involved. The following scenarios are examples of when to suspect overexposures and initiate the assessment process to determine the facts surrounding the situation:

• When working with a chemical, an employee exhibits symptoms that may include: headache, rash, nausea, coughing, tearing, irritation or redness of the eyes, irritation of the nose or throat, dizziness, loss of neuromuscular control, etc. The task/chemical-relatedness of such symptoms can be evaluated by determining if:
  • some or all of the symptoms disappear when the employee is removed from exposure, or the symptoms reappear soon after the employee returns to work with the same material(s)
  • two or more persons in the same laboratory work area have similar complaints.
  • a hazardous chemical leaked, spilled, or was otherwise rapidly released in an uncontrolled manner
  • a laboratory employee had direct skin or eye contact with a hazardous chemical

Since the intent of an exposure assessment is to gather facts, it may include any or all of the following:

• interviews with the employees involved
• review of the general ventilation of the work area
• review of chemicals used/stored in the area
• review of symptoms exhibited/reported by the exposed
• assessment of how these symptoms compare to literature citations
• determination as to whether control measures such as personal-protective equipment and hoods were used appropriately
• determination as to whether present control measures are adequate
• monitoring or sampling of air in the area for suspect chemicals

While an exposure assessment may trigger environmental monitoring, there are requirements for sampling specified in the lab standard:

Initial monitoring will be performed if there is reason to believe that exposure levels for a substance routinely exceed the action level (or in the absence of an action level, the permissible exposure limit (PEL);

Periodic monitoring will be performed if the initial monitoring discloses employee exposure over the action level (or the PEL). Such monitoring will be in compliance with the exposure monitoring provisions of the relevant OSHA Standard.

Requests for monitoring can be made at any time to the Department of Environmental Health and Safety, the department or unit Chemical Hygiene Officer, or the laboratory supervisor. Chemicals that do not have OSHA Standards are also subject to monitoring. Employees must be notified of results in writing either individually or by posting. Any such monitoring results are subject to the recordkeeping provisions of the Lab Standard.

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Medical Examination Criteria and Frequency

Whenever an event takes place in the work area such as a spill, leak, explosion, or other occurrence resulting in the likelihood of a hazardous exposure, the affected employee shall be provided an opportunity for a medical consultation under the direct supervision of a licensed physician. Such consultations will be made through the Department of Environmental Health and Safety, who will refer employees to the Occupational Medicine Clinic. If an examination is indicated after the consultation, it must also be under the direct supervision of a licensed physician and must be provided at no cost to the employee.

The physician must be informed of the identity of the chemical, the conditions of exposure, and the symptoms as reported by the employee. Subsequent to the examination, a written opinion discussing only exposure-related findings should be obtained by the Department of Environmental Health, and Safety from the examining physician and should contain:

• follow-up recommendations
• examination and test results
• a report of any medical condition that may place the employee at increased risk as a result of exposure to a hazardous chemical
• a statement that the employee has been informed by the physician of the results of the consultation/examination and any medical condition that may require further examination or treatment

Examinations resulting from exposures to OSHA-regulated substances will adhere to their required frequency and criteria, as well as any additional criteria prescribed by the licensed physician performing the exam. The results of any examinations are subject to the recordkeeping provisions of the OSHA Lab Standard.

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Chemical Hazard Communication

A variety of hazard communication devices, including labels, signs and postings, and MSDS, are available for use in conjunction with other provisions of the Chemical Hygiene Plan.

Labels and Labeling

Labels are required on incoming containers of hazardous chemicals, and are not to be removed or defaced. All containers of chemicals should be labeled with, at a minimum, the following:

• identity of chemical(s) in the container;
• appropriate hazard warnings, and;
• name of the manufacturer or responsible party for additional information.

Unlabeled chemicals should be handled as hazardous waste. Chemicals decanted from their original container into other containers for immediate use are exempt from the above requirements. All containers of chemical waste must be labeled in accordance with University of Pittsburgh guidelines. The Department of Environmental Health and Safety should be contacted for further guidance.

Chemicals developed in the laboratory must be assumed to be toxic if no data are available, and suitable handling procedures must be prepared and implemented. All containers of chemicals prepared in the laboratory must be marked with the chemical name, primary hazard(s) (if known), the responsible person(s) and the date.

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Postings and Signs

A variety of postings and signs should be used as appropriate to warn employees and visitors of potential hazards. Examples include the following:

• Emergency notification signs contain information on contacts and their phone numbers to facilitate the handling of fires and other emergencies in an effective manner. Each laboratory door must be signed in accordance with Appendix L, and must include the room number, the person in charge, the person or persons to be contacted in case of an emergency, and appropriate phone numbers. Laboratory supervisors are required to request the necessary required signage from the Department of Environmental Health and Safety.
• Eye protection required signs are necessary at entrances to laboratories where hazardous chemicals are in use. Note that minimum eye protection in all laboratories is safety glasses.
• Location signs for safety devices such as fire blankets, safety showers, and fire extinguishers must be posted as appropriate.
• Hazard signs warning of severe or unusual hazards such as unstable chemicals, carcinogens, lasers, and radioactive and biohazard agents must be posted as appropriate.

All other health and safety signs must be reviewed by the Department of Environmental Health and Safety.

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Material Safety Data Sheets

Material safety data sheets should be obtained for each chemical before use in the laboratory. Electronic MSDS are available from the Department of Environmental Health and Safety. Other MSDS can be sent by FAX. Call that Office at 412-624-9505 for further information. If chemicals developed in University laboratories are to be provided to another user outside of the lab, a material safety data sheet and label must be prepared.

Education and Training

The OSHA Lab Standard requires that employees be informed of the presence of hazardous chemicals when assigned to a work area and prior to new exposure situations (i.e., those situations involving new hazardous chemicals and/or new work procedures). Such education and training are to be coordinated or provided by the Department of Environmental Health and Safety in conjunction with Chemical Hygiene Officers and laboratory supervisors.

The following training elements must be included in all educational programs:

• Provisions of the OSHA Lab Standard
• Content, location, and availability of the Chemical Hygiene Plan
• Hazardous chemicals in the laboratory workplace
• Physical and health hazards of these materials
• Protective measures for handling these materials
• Proper chemical handling procedures for the classes of materials being used
• Labels and other warnings
• MSDS location, interpretation and use
• How to detect the presence or release of hazardous chemicals in the lab (e.g., air monitoring, visual appearance, odor)
• Legal and recommended exposure limits
• Correct use of engineering controls, personal-protective equipment, and any other methods used to reduce or eliminate exposure
• Signs and symptoms of overexposure
• Emergency and first-aid procedures

A variety of follow-up actions should be planned to help ensure the effectiveness of educational programs. Follow-up items include establishing routines for additional training when new chemical hazards are introduced, observations of employee compliance, and comprehensive recordkeeping.

The Department of Environmental Health and Safety has a number of training aids and resources and is available to provide assistance on this subject.

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Waste Disposal

When a material has no further use and has been declared a waste by the user, it must be clearly labeled as a waste. The proper disposal of waste chemicals at the University is a serious concern, and every effort should be made to do it safely and efficiently. The responsibility for the identification and handling of hazardous waste within the University rests with the individuals who have created the waste. The Department of Environmental Health and Safety is available to provide technical guidance, assistance and information, as required.

What Is Hazardous Waste?

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates hazardous-waste management with statutes found in 40 CFR 260-270. A material can be defined as a hazardous waste either because of its general characteristics or because of a specific listing.

Hazardous Wastes: General Characteristics

Wastes exhibiting any of these characteristics are hazardous:

• Ignitability (EPA Code D001) describes:
  
  • liquids with a flashpoint below 60oC (140oF)—e.g., most organic solvents
  • solids capable of causing fire by friction, absorption of moisture, or spontaneous chemical change and when ignited burn vigorously and persistently to create a hazard (e.g., picric acid)
  • flammable, compressed gasses (e.g., hydrogen, methane)
  • oxidizers (e.g., potassium permangamate)
• Corrosivity (EPA Code D002) describes:
  
  • aqueous solutions with pH less thantwo2 or greater than 12.5
  • liquids capable of corroding steel at a specific rate
• Reactivity (EPA Code D003) describes:
  
  • substances that react with water violently and may produce toxic gases (e.g., potassium, sodium)
  • substances that are normally unstable
  • chemicals containing cyanide or sulfide that generate toxic gases
• Toxicity (EPA Code D Series) describes:
  
  • wastes that have certain heavy metals (silver, cadmium, mercury), and/or one or more of 23 organics and 8 pesticides (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure, e.g., DDT).

Hazardous Wastes: Specifically Listed

Some 500+ materials are specifically listed by EPA as hazardous waste on the EPA D, F, P and U lists. See Appendix M.

Hazardous Wastes: Unknowns

In order to comply with federal regulations and personnel-safety requirements, it is important that unknowns not be generated. The generation of such materials can be avoided by labeling all containers of chemicals or reaction mixtures.

If unknowns are discovered, it may be possible to determine their identity by:

• asking co-workers about the container;
• performing simple tests such as pH measurement;
• checking fresh materials present, since the unknown was probably derived from them;
• reviewing projects being worked on;
• analyzing the unknown yourself or have the unknowns analyzed; and
• calling the Department of Environmental Health and Safety at 412-624-9505 for assistance with identification

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Mixed Wastes

Mixed wastes are biological and/or radioactive wastes that are also hazardous chemical wastes. Biological and radioactive wastes have disposal problems, procedures and regulations that differ dramatically from those associated with hazardous wastes, and the disposal of mixed wastes therefore typically presents unusual problems and expense. Every effort should be made to avoid the generation of mixed wastes. If mixed wastes are generated, all of the relevant offices should be contacted to determine appropriate disposal procedures.

Hazardous Wastes: Containers

Hazardous waste should be collected in a container that is in sound condition and appropriate for the waste type. Containers should not be overfilled and must be capped with a screw-type cap.

General Specifications

• Container, cap and cap liner must be compatible with waste and in sound condition.
• Container must allow proper headspace for expansion; 1.5 inches (approximately 3.5 cm) for flat top containers, 3 inches (approximately 7.5 cm) for tapered.
• The outside of the container must be clean and uncontaminated.
• The container must be labeled properly.

Specific Container Selection

• Flammable liquids: glass bottles, steel cans, high-density plastic containers.
• Concentrated acids and bases: 2.5-liter acid bottles, no metal.
• Aqueous solutions: glass/sturdy plastic bottles, plastic cans.
• Trace contaminated solid wastes: double 4-6 mil polyethylene bags.

Collecting and Commingling Hazardous Waste

If different chemical wastes are mixed together in a single container for disposal (commingling), then;

• The same type of chemicals must be mixed together to make a common segration group (see below).
• Only compatible chemicals may be mixed together within segregation groups.

Segregation groups

Collect these types of hazardous wastes separately from each other (examples included):

• halogenated—e.g., chloroform, methylene chloride
• hydrocarbon—e.g., xylene, ether, hexane, acetone
• nitrogeneous—e.g., triethylamine, diisopropylamine
• sulfurous—e.g., dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylsulfate
• corrosive—e.g., sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide
• aqueous solutions—e.g., diaminobenzidine, ethidium bromide, heavy metals
• oils—e.g., motor oil, pump oil

*Care should be taken not to mix wastes that will react with each other, even if they are within the same compatibility group (e.g. although acids and bases are both corrosives, they should not be mixed in the same container except under controlled conditions by experienced personnel).

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Hazardous Wastes: Labeling

Waste must always be labeled to ensure safety, to prevent waste from becoming an unknown, for regulatory compliance, and to improve the efficiency of handling and commingling of similar wastes.

The following labeling procedures should always be adhered to:

• only the Department of Environmental Health and Safety supplied labels are acceptable;
• each container must have a label when waste is first place in it;
• fill out in pencil (due to chemical resistance);
• include name, room number, building, and department or unit;
• list all components of commingled waste;
• record pH of aqueous wastes;
• do not cover original labels, where applicable; and
• attempt to streamline the process when large amounts of the same waste are generated.

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Hazardous Wastes: Pickup

All Pittsburgh campus laboratories must remove all waste within 90 days; therefore, laboratories must not accumulate wastes for more than 30 days before placing it in the University hazardous waste pickup area. The University's standard procedures for waste pickup should be followed. Call the Department of Environmental Health and Safety for additional information.

Hazardous Wastes: Reduction

The University of Pittsburgh generates significant quantities of hazardous waste. One of the University's high-priority goals is to reduce the amount of waste generated. Benefits of waste reduction include increased safety of personnel, reduced environmental contamination, and decreases in expenditures for hazardous waste disposal. A variety of techniques are available to reduce waste.

• Product Substitution: Use less hazardous or non-hazardous materials. Examples include substitution of enzymatic cleaners and detergents for chromic acid cleaning solutions, and replacement of flammable and/or toxic solvents with water-based materials and the use of non-halogenated solutions in degreasing operations.
• Scale Down: Use microscale techniques where possible to reduce or eliminate waste.
• One More Step: If possible, all reactions should be taken one more step if it will result in a less hazardous material and no increased risk. For examples, refer to Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory by George Lunn and Eric Sansone (Wiley).
• Waste Segregation: Ensure appropriate segregation, because mixed wastes may cost many times more to dispose of (e.g., small amount of mercury contamination in a waste solvent may necessitate the handling of all this material as if it were mercury). The same principle applies to keeping non-hazardous waste out of hazardous-waste streams.
• Other Techniques: Purchasing of small quantities, redistribution of surplus chemicals, redistillation of solvents, chemical neutralization, and good management and training are all techniques that can be employed to minimize waste.

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Recordkeeping and Program Assessment

The laboratory supervisors and/or department or unit Chemical Hygiene Officers must inform the Department of Environmental Health and Safety of any training program they initiate, including program content and list of attendees.

Records of illness and injury are to be initiated by the laboratory supervisor or department as appropriate, and this information must be coordinated with Department of Environmental Health and Safety. The Department of Environmental Health and Safety will maintain these University records.

The Chemical Hygiene Officer will assist with chemical hygiene and housekeeping inspections, which should be performed by lab supervisors on at least a monthly basis. Department of Environmental Health and Safety personnel are available to assist with such audits and inspections. Department Chemical Hygiene Officers will review and update their Chemical Hygiene Plans annually.

The Department of Environmental Health and Safety, with input from all Chemical Hygiene Officers, will prepare an annual report on University Chemical Hygiene Plan management containing items such as:

• summary of accidents, types and causes
• summary of program deficiencies and recommended corrective actions
• progress toward meeting various annual goals

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